#include <iostream> using namespace std; using i64 = long long; int main() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); cout.tie(nullptr); int T; cin >> T; while (T-- > 0) { int l, r; cin >> l >> r; int ans = 0; for (int i = 0; 1 << i <= r; ++i) { int lo = l >> i, hi = r >> i; if (lo != hi) ans |= 1 << i; else if (lo == hi && lo & 1) ans |= 1 << i; } cout << ans << '\n'; } cout << flush; return 0; }